Menstrual pain (also called period pain or dysmenorrhea) is an underestimated problem that affects billions of people worldwide. The quality of life of those who have to deal with such pain for several days every month is significantly reduced. For many, it can mean low concentration, missed appointments, and reduced self-esteem.
While over-the-counter pain relievers can work well, some people don't receive the desired relief. They may be able to benefit from an alternative approach to handling menstrual pain.
Cannabis may be able to offer the desired physical and mental relief while helping people continue with their routine without disruptions. Understanding the role marijuana plays in managing menstrual pain can help you make educational decisions about your health.
Understanding Menstrual Pain
More than 50% of people who menstruate suffer from dysmenorrhea. Meanwhile, 15% of them find it so disruptive that they have to stay home from school and work. Two types of period pain exist.
Type 1: Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain that returns every time a person gets their period. For some people, the intensity of pain varies. It may even become less severe with age or after childbirth. However, the presence of such pain isn't related to any other medical condition.
In most cases, primary dysmenorrhea only lasts for two or three days. Even if the period itself is longer, the pain usually subsides before it's over.
This type of period pain is the most common.
Type 2: Secondary Dysmenorrhea
Secondary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain caused by an underlying condition within the reproductive system. This type of pain begins earlier in the cycle and lasts longer than the usual cramps. It can continue for a few days after the bleeding ends.
Symptoms of Dysmenorrhea
Common symptoms of dysmenorrhea are:
- Lower abdominal cramping or pain
- Pelvic pain that may radiate to the lower back and thighs
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
The current treatment options for menstrual cramps are over-the-counter painkillers and hormonal therapies. Some people experience relief when they use hormone-based forms of birth control. Others succeed in reducing the pain with certain lifestyle changes like exercise and diet.
Cannabis and Its Components
Cannabis contains many compounds called cannabinoids. The two most studied are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). While other minor cannabinoids and terpenes are also a part of the plant, they don't seem to have such a major impact on cannabis effects as the first two.
How Cannabis Works
The body has a system called the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS includes:
- Cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2)
- Endogenous cannabinoids (made inside the body)
- Enzymes that break cannabinoids down
The ECS helps regulate pain, inflammation, and mood. It also plays an important role in the female reproductive process.
THC vs CBD
THC and CBD have different effects on the body. Due to those differences, the legal status of these two components varies.
- THC binds more directly to CB1 receptors in the central nervous system. It tends to produce psychoactive effects (feeling "high"). It can also reduce perception of pain and alter mood.
- CBD does not bind as strongly to CB1 or CB2 in the same way. It can work on receptors that are involved in pain perception. This helps reduce inflammation and uterine muscle spasms.
THC is more strictly regulated in some places because of its psychoactive effects. Meanwhile, CBD derived from hemp is legal in many states. It's part of medical marijuana products.
How Cannabis May Help with Menstrual Pain
Cannabis has several mechanisms that allow it to tackle menstrual pain. While they may not work the same for everyone, many people report significant improvements.
Anti-Inflammatory Effect
Cramping is linked to the release of prostaglandins that trigger inflammation and contractions in the uterus. Reducing this response can make the pain less intense.
Pain Modulation
Both THC and CBD interact with receptors that influence how the body perceives and processes pain. This interaction can make cramps feel less severe and improve day-to-day functioning.
Stress Relief
Menstrual pain often comes with psychological symptoms like increased feelings of stress. They can make the usual discomfort seem even more intense. Cannabis may be able to calm nausea and promote relaxation.
For some people, cannabis also supports better sleep. Since rest is often disrupted during painful periods, the ability to get enough sleep can improve the quality of life significantly.
Scientific Research and Evidence
Many studies have been done to explore the effects of cannabis on pain in general and dysmenorrhea in particular.
Study Review: Can Cannabis Help Alleviate Menstrual Pain?
In 2022, this review of studies was conducted to figure out whether cannabis has the potential to alleviate symptoms of dysmenorrhea.
The review found that there is some promise, both from mechanistic understanding (cannabinoid receptors in the uterus, etc.) and from small/early clinical or survey studies. But the evidence is sparse.
Examination of the Effects of Cannabidiol on Menstrual-related Symptoms
This 2024 study involved giving two different doses of CBD to two groups and seeing how dysmenorrhea symptoms improve over time.
- Findings: CBD has the potential to manage menstrual-related symptoms:
- Limitations: The group was studied only for 3 months
Since this particular study didn't use a group that was given a placebo, further research is warranted. However, all participants were given a certain dose of CBD and reported improvements in symptoms.
Cannabis for Gynecological Conditions
A 2022 survey showed that the majority of respondents experience pain relief related to numerous gynecological conditions. However, the interpretation of the study is limited because respondents used different cannabis formulations, dosages, and delivery methods.
Cannabis vs Opioids for Pain Relief
Another study, conducted in 2023, compared the effects of medical cannabis to opioids for general pain relief (not just menstruation-related). It found that while both were effective for relieving pain, cannabis also affected broader pain-related factors such as emotions and functionality.
While all these studies show that cannabis can play a major role in pain relief, there were limitations to each one. Further research must be done to connect marijuana use to menstrual symptom improvement.
Methods of Using Cannabis for Menstrual Pain
Today, people who want to use cannabis have many options. The most popular methods are:
Edibles and Tinctures
Edibles (gummies, capsules, drinks) go through the digestive system. This format delays the effect but offers the benefit of discretion. Meanwhile, tinctures, which are also discreet, go under the tongue. This allows the cannabis components to reach the bloodstream faster.
- Pros: Longer-lasting relief, discreet use
- Cons: Slower onset, harder to adjust the dose
Edibles and tinctures can work well for people who need steady and long-lasting relief. However, since these formats don't kick in quickly, it's important to control the dosage carefully.
Topical Applications
Creams and balms infused with cannabinoids can be applied directly to the lower abdomen. This localized approach focuses on the source of discomfort without giving you a sense of "high."
- Pros: Targeted relief, minimal psychoactive effects
- Cons: Limited absorption, may not help with systemic symptoms
Topicals can be a good option for people who want to avoid side effects that may accompany eating or smoking cannabis.
Vaping or Smoking
Inhalation delivers cannabinoids into the bloodstream within minutes. This method can provide an almost immediate relief.
- Pros: Fast onset, easy to control dose by inhaling less or more
- Cons: Shorter duration, potential irritation of lungs or throat
Smoking may help those who need quick relief but do not mind repeating the dose more often.
Whatever method may seem the most suitable for your needs, you should still consider consulting a healthcare provider before using it for cramp relief. In some cases, your doctor may recommend specific formats and explain how they can interact with other pain relief therapies.
Legal and Safety Considerations
While more and more states are legalizing cannabis, not all of them have the same laws. In some areas, medical cannabis is allowed, while others make it possible to use recreational marijuana without repercussions. However, even the states that do allow all types of cannabis use have certain limitations on THC content and legal amounts.
Side Effects and Risks
While cannabis may help relieve pain, it may also have certain side effects:
- Drowsiness: Cannabis may make you feel more tired than usual.
- Dizziness: Some people experience temporary changes in balance or focus.
- Dry mouth and eyes: A frequent but usually mild discomfort.
- Changes in appetite: Cannabis can increase hunger, which may eventually lead to weight gain.
- Mood changes: While cannabis can reduce stress, it may also cause anxiety or heightened emotions.
- Cognitive effects: Higher THC content can affect short-term memory and concentration.
- Respiratory irritation: Inhaled forms, such as smoking or vaping, can irritate the lungs.
People with cardiovascular and respiratory problems must consult their healthcare provider before considering marijuana use.
Reliable Company
If you are planning to purchase cannabis to relieve menstrual pain, you must choose a reliable provider who lab tests their products and displays real customer reviews (if you order online). A reputable dispensary also has a selection of products from reliable brands that carry out thorough testing and quality assurance.
Alternative Natural Remedies for Menstrual Pain
When you are setting up a pain relief routine for dysmenorrhea, you can consider several other options:
- Heat therapy: Applying a heating pad to the lower abdomen helps relax uterine muscles and improve blood flow. This can reduce cramp intensity.
- Exercise: Light to moderate activity, such as walking or doing yoga, releases endorphins, which act as natural painkillers.
- Dietary adjustments: Eating anti-inflammatory foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, fruits, and vegetables may help lower prostaglandin levels.
- Herbal remedies: Teas made from ginger and chamomile can help soothe cramps and reduce bloating.
- Massage: Gentle abdominal massage can ease muscle tension and pain.
- Relaxation techniques: Practices like deep breathing and meditation reduce stress, which can make cramps feel less overwhelming. Warm baths can help too.
- Supplements: Certain vitamins and minerals may help reduce cramps and inflammation. For example, magnesium can relax muscles and ease uterine contractions. Discuss this option with your doctor.
Cannabis can complement alternative natural remedies and make them more effective. Creating a holistic approach to menstrual pain relief can work better than relying on just one remedy.
Taking Control of Menstrual Pain
Menstrual pain can reduce your quality of life dramatically. Being incapacitated for several days each month can take a serious toll on your professional and social life. Cannabis has the potential to ease this pain and make these days bearable again.
To create an effective pain management routine, consult your healthcare provider. They can help explain how marijuana fits into your treatment. It can become a part of a holistic approach that makes menstruation manageable.
Cannabis research continues daily. With more studies being done, it may be possible to learn more about this plant's pain management potential. Staying informed with the latest developments can help you make better decisions about your health.
References
1) Yale Medicine. (n.d.). Dysmenorrhea. Yale Medicine. Retrieved October 5, 2025, from https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/dysmenorrhea
2) Walker, O. S., Holloway, A. C., & Raha, S. (2019). The role of the endocannabinoid system in female reproductive tissues. Journal of Ovarian Research, 12, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-018-0478-9
3) Barcikowska Z, Rajkowska-Labon E, Grzybowska ME, Hansdorfer-Korzon R, Zorena K. Inflammatory Markers in Dysmenorrhea and Therapeutic Options. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 13;17(4):1191. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17041191. PMID: 32069859; PMCID: PMC7068519.
4) Seifalian A, Kenyon J, Khullar V. Dysmenorrhoea: Can Medicinal Cannabis Bring New Hope for a Collective Group of Women Suffering in Pain, Globally? Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Dec 19;23(24):16201. doi: 10.3390/ijms232416201. PMID: 36555842; PMCID: PMC9780805.
